British citizenship gives you the right to live and work in the UK without restriction, the right to a British passport, and the right to vote in all UK elections. Most people acquire citizenship through naturalisation after a period of lawful residence, though some acquire it automatically by birth, descent, or registration.
Naturalisation: the standard route
To apply for naturalisation you must be 18 or over, have Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) or Settled Status under the EU Settlement Scheme, have lived in the UK for at least five years (three years if married to or a civil partner of a British citizen), not have been absent from the UK for more than 450 days in the five-year period (or 270 days in the three-year period for spouses), not have been absent for more than 90 days in the final 12 months, be of good character, and meet the English language and knowledge of life in the UK requirements.
The Life in the UK test
The Life in the UK test is a multiple-choice test covering British history, culture, government, and society. It comprises 24 questions and you must answer at least 18 correctly (75%) within 45 minutes. It is taken at an approved test centre and costs £50. You can take it as many times as needed — there is no limit on attempts. A pass certificate is valid indefinitely once obtained.
English language requirement
You must demonstrate English language ability at B1 level on the Common European Framework of Reference. This can be satisfied by passing an approved secure English language test, holding a recognised degree taught in English, or being a national of a majority English-speaking country as designated by the Home Office.
Good character requirement
The good character requirement covers criminal history, immigration history, financial matters including unpaid taxes and undisclosed liabilities, and general conduct. Certain criminal convictions result in an automatic period during which citizenship will not be granted. Previous immigration breaches — overstaying, working without permission, or having used deception in any application — can also affect the outcome.
The citizenship ceremony
Once your application is approved, you will be invited to a citizenship ceremony at your local council. You take an oath of allegiance to the Crown and a pledge to uphold UK values, and receive your certificate of naturalisation. You can then apply for a British passport. Ceremonies are scheduled throughout the year and attendance is compulsory — you cannot receive your certificate without attending.
Citizenship applications can be refused for reasons that could have been avoided with proper advice. An immigration solicitor can review your eligibility before you apply.